Chapter 3
Understand what matter is and three states of matter
- Mass: the “stuff” of which the universe is composed; it has mass and it occupies space
- Gas: assumes the shape and volume of its container
- Liquid: assumes the shape of the part of the container which it occupies
- Solid: retains a fixed volume and shape
Understand the difference between physical and chemical properties
- Physical Property: A physical property is one that is displayed without any change in composition
- Chemical Property: Any characteristic that gives a sample of matter the ability/inability to undergo a change that alters its composition.
Understand the difference between intrinsic(intensive) and extrinsic(extensive) physical properties
- Intrinsic property: do not depend on the amount of the matter that’s present
- Extrinsic properties: do depend on the amount of matter that’s present
Understand the difference between mixture and pure substances
- Pure Substance: cannot be separated into 2 or more substances by physical or mechanical means, is homogeneous, ie, has uniform composition throughout the whole sample, its properties are constant throughout the whole sample, its properties do not depend on how it is prepared or purified, and has constant chemical composition
- Mixture: can be separated into 2 or more substances by physical or mechanical means, displays the properties of the pure substances making it up, its composition can be varied by changing the proportion of pure substances making it up, heterogeneous substances, ones with non-uniform composition throughout the sample, are always mixtures.
Understand the difference between elements and compounds
- Compound: A compound contains atoms of different elements chemically combined together in a fixed ratio
- Element: An element is a pure chemical substance made of same type of atom.
Understand the difference between homogeneous mixture and heterogenous mixture
- Homogeneous: a mixture that is the same throughout; a solution
- Heterogeneous: a mixture that has different properties in different regions of the mixture
Understand the different methods to separation of Mixture
- Distillation: a method used that uses the idea of heating solutions to separate different liquids and some solids
- Filtration: separates liquids from solids. A liquid will pass through the filter paper, but the particles are trapped.
- Mass: the “stuff” of which the universe is composed; it has mass and it occupies space
- Gas: assumes the shape and volume of its container
- Liquid: assumes the shape of the part of the container which it occupies
- Solid: retains a fixed volume and shape
Understand the difference between physical and chemical properties
- Physical Property: A physical property is one that is displayed without any change in composition
- Chemical Property: Any characteristic that gives a sample of matter the ability/inability to undergo a change that alters its composition.
Understand the difference between intrinsic(intensive) and extrinsic(extensive) physical properties
- Intrinsic property: do not depend on the amount of the matter that’s present
- Extrinsic properties: do depend on the amount of matter that’s present
Understand the difference between mixture and pure substances
- Pure Substance: cannot be separated into 2 or more substances by physical or mechanical means, is homogeneous, ie, has uniform composition throughout the whole sample, its properties are constant throughout the whole sample, its properties do not depend on how it is prepared or purified, and has constant chemical composition
- Mixture: can be separated into 2 or more substances by physical or mechanical means, displays the properties of the pure substances making it up, its composition can be varied by changing the proportion of pure substances making it up, heterogeneous substances, ones with non-uniform composition throughout the sample, are always mixtures.
Understand the difference between elements and compounds
- Compound: A compound contains atoms of different elements chemically combined together in a fixed ratio
- Element: An element is a pure chemical substance made of same type of atom.
Understand the difference between homogeneous mixture and heterogenous mixture
- Homogeneous: a mixture that is the same throughout; a solution
- Heterogeneous: a mixture that has different properties in different regions of the mixture
Understand the different methods to separation of Mixture
- Distillation: a method used that uses the idea of heating solutions to separate different liquids and some solids
- Filtration: separates liquids from solids. A liquid will pass through the filter paper, but the particles are trapped.
Calculations
Understand the difference between physical and chemical properties
1. The boiling point of a certain alcohol is 78 degrees C.
2. Diamond is very hard.
3. Sugar fermants to form alcohol.
4. A metal wire conducts an electric current.
ANSWERS: Item 1, 2, and 4 are physical properties; they describe inherent characteristics of each substance, and no charge in composition occurs. A metal has the same composition before and after an electric current has passed through it. Item 3 is a chemical property of sugar. Fermentation of sugars involves the formation of a new substance (alcohol).
Understand the difference between mixture and pure substances/Understand the difference between homogeneous mixture and heterogenous mixture
1. Gasoline
ANSWER: Gasoline is a homogeneous mixture containing many compounds
2. A Stream with gravel at the bottom
ANSWER: A stream with gravel on the bottom is a heterogeneous mixture
3. Air
ANSWER: Air is a homogeneous mixture of elements and compounds
4. Brass
ANSWER: Brass is a homogeneous mixture containing the elements copper and zinc. Brass is not a pure substance because the relative amounts of copper and Since are different in different brass samples.
5. Copper metal
ANSWER: Copper metal is a pure substance (an element).
Understand the difference between elements and compounds
1. Although some elements are found in an isolated state, most elements are found combined as _____________ with other elements.
2. The composition of a given pure compound is always __________ no matter what the source of the compound.
3. _________ can be broken down into the component elements by chemical changes.
ANSWER: Compounds
1. The boiling point of a certain alcohol is 78 degrees C.
2. Diamond is very hard.
3. Sugar fermants to form alcohol.
4. A metal wire conducts an electric current.
ANSWERS: Item 1, 2, and 4 are physical properties; they describe inherent characteristics of each substance, and no charge in composition occurs. A metal has the same composition before and after an electric current has passed through it. Item 3 is a chemical property of sugar. Fermentation of sugars involves the formation of a new substance (alcohol).
Understand the difference between mixture and pure substances/Understand the difference between homogeneous mixture and heterogenous mixture
1. Gasoline
ANSWER: Gasoline is a homogeneous mixture containing many compounds
2. A Stream with gravel at the bottom
ANSWER: A stream with gravel on the bottom is a heterogeneous mixture
3. Air
ANSWER: Air is a homogeneous mixture of elements and compounds
4. Brass
ANSWER: Brass is a homogeneous mixture containing the elements copper and zinc. Brass is not a pure substance because the relative amounts of copper and Since are different in different brass samples.
5. Copper metal
ANSWER: Copper metal is a pure substance (an element).
Understand the difference between elements and compounds
1. Although some elements are found in an isolated state, most elements are found combined as _____________ with other elements.
2. The composition of a given pure compound is always __________ no matter what the source of the compound.
3. _________ can be broken down into the component elements by chemical changes.
ANSWER: Compounds
Websites
Video
This video talks about intrinsic and extrinsic properties.
This video talks about the different states of matter.
This video talks about the differences of chemical and physical properties.
This video talks about pure substances and elements.
This video talks about what elements and compounds and where they are derived form.
This video talks about homogeneous and heterogenous mixtures.
This video talks about the different methods to separate a mixture.